Maori Terminology

Bachelor of Physical Education

EDCURRIC 134 Expressive Movement and Physical Education

Reading questions as you read find the answers to these questions. You must complete these as a course requirement and email your answers to me.

m.legge@auckland.ac.nz

(Waiata-a-ringa) - Action song

Questions

1. Identify two forms of jumping action performed by men. 2

Peruperu: (legs tucked in leaping in the air)

Putu ngarahu: (side to side jumping)

2. What is the role of the group leader in an action song? 4 marks 2 1/2

The kaea or leader is an important role; often he or she stands in the front of the group creating movement which assists the performers with the sequence and actions of the performance (helps co-ordinate the group). In addition to this, the leader provides leadership and encouragement to the group and at times the leader may be holding a taiaha.

3. Select the best response to start a waiata-a-ringa; 1 mark 1

Kei runga, kei raro
Hope, kia rite
Tenei me te homai
Tahi, rua, toru, wha, hei

Answer: b

4. Select the best response to establish a beat in a waiata-a-ringa; 1 mark 1

1. Whuia, tahi, rua, toru, wha
2. Kei raro, hope
3. E kino nei hoki
4. Tahi, rua, toru, wha, hei

Answer: a

5. What is the difference between the pukana and the whetero? What do males do and why?

Pukana and whetero are two different performance components;

pukana is the dilating of the eyes,whetero however, is where the males protrude their tongue (only males perform this). This style is often incorporated within haka performances to show emphasis (or fierceness) of words and movements.In Pre european times the whetero was used in war to announce that they would the eat the head of their enemies.3

6. Would the aim of a waiata-a-ringa be to show; 1 mark

1. Representation of an animal or a bird
2. Overall solidarity of the group
3. Stylised representation of natural phenomena such as volcanoes
4. None of the above
Answer: b 1

7. What key points would you make about the posture of the body for a haka, 5 marks

waiata-a-ringa or poi dance?

-Body positions provide emphasis in rhythmic organization of Maori dance movement

- Posture or movement style characterise intense, energetic, highly controlled

-Sometimes have knees slightly bent to portray solid support

-peruperu dance requires high leap off of the ground

-poi dance is mostly arm and hand movements with the poi.

8. Identify four points you would make about the actions of the hands in a

Waiata-a-ringa. 4 marks

Movements flow and do not require exaggeration (graceful)
Movements are done in a way that are symbolic Conveying mood and meaning

Woman merely caress their body, men make more definite action
Actions today are often performed unconvincingly

9. What movements do the head and eyes follow in a waiata-a-ringa? 1 mark

The eyes usually follow the right hand.

10. Describe the action of the right foot in

1. A haka
2. A waiata-a-ringa 2 marks

right foot leaving the ground body weight is taken by the left leg,
Unlikely that a entire group uses foot movement, everyone uses the same foot, at the same time. foot movement can spoil the whole appearance of an action song

11. What is the difference between the actions of males and females in a

waiata-a-ringa?

Hope movement is different between men and woman preferably, back of hands are rested on the hips for woman. Men place their thumb and forefinger on the hips the fingers pointing forwards. Women merely caress the body, men however, provide more definite action.

12. Describe the wiriwiri. What is it an indication of ? 3 marks

Wiri - Is the trembling of the hands (and is a side to side movement of the whole hand) ; represents the world around us; shimmering of the water on a bright sunny day to the heat waves rising above from the ground to the wind rustling through the leaves of a tree

13. How is an action song or a haka finished? 4 marks

Hands on hip “hi!” facing forward or the use of a pukana potruding their tongue the most they can.

Woman and men retire together

In Tuhoe men retire and woman emerge with greenery to perform their part of the ceremony.

Hands on hips or thumbs on hips

14. What process could you follow to teach a waiata-a-ringa? 4 marks

Using a leader to help with the co-ordination with the group

Get the group into a state of readiness

introduction to the tune

establish the beat

prepare movement with leader ‘whiua, Tahi, rua, toru, wha’

start basic then move onto more complicated movements

15. Describe the role of each of these parts when using the poi. 3 marks

1. The hand
2. The wrist
3. The arm

a: the hand is used to hold the poi with the forefinger and the thumb(directly above the stopper) three remaining fingers are the anchor. The finger and thumb are used for fine control.

b: forward and back movement

formulation of patterns

c: unrestricted movement of the arm utilises space.

16. What materials were traditionally used to construct the poi? 2 mark

Poi were made from New Zealand flax and raupo. Inner flax fibres were twisted to create the cord and ties.

17. What is the key feature of the peruperu form off haka? 1 mark

Maori use the peruperu (war dance) to strike fear in the eyes of their enemy by making themselves look fierce and ugly . This is done with the use of weapons and demoralising gestures.

18. What form of haka is the ngeri? Give an example of this form of haka. 3 marks

Ngeri; a short haka that does not require set movement, but instead allows performers to express themselves given that it is appropriate. This haka in most instances is done without the use of weapons. Manawa wera is similar as it does not have set movements.

19.What was the purpose of hand games? 1 mark

Improving; Calculation, mental alertness, memorizing skills

Co-ordination

20. Name and describe the actions of one hand game. 2 marks

Ti Rakau; a Maori game that requires two players and four ‘sticks’; the participants are sitting opposite each other and are mirroring actions. The sticks are passed between the players whilst producing a beat that helps with the co-ordination and timing of each pass.

21. From the list select the style of haka most likely to have been composed by women. Say why women where involved in this composition. 3 marks

1. Taparahi
2. Pōkeka
3. Kaioraora

c) Woman in this haka present their anger by venting hatred, claiming they would like to eat alive the perpetrators. The hatred and rage comes from the disgust for tuhoe for having killed their husbands and not permitting her to take back the corpse so that she may mourn in the customary way.

This composition of haka is still considered a signal of honour.

22. What kinds of themes do waiata-a-ringa convey? 1 mark

Actions reflect the words the group is singing about. For example sign language, if the group places their hand next to their ear they are talking about listening. Themes may be the place around theme like water, sun etc.

23. What do the arm actions in haka and waiata-a-ringa express? 1 mark

Wiri for example conveys interface between the mind and the body

arm actions within haka express powerful movements, strength, fierceness.

24. What do facial movements in haka and waiata-a-ringa express? 1 mark

Haka express fierceness and an attempt to make the performer look ugly, this makes the viewer feel uncomfortable fearful and uneasy. Facial movements in waiata a ringa is when the performers are singing along with the music. calm and clear minded.

25. Choose four adjectives to describe the kind of effect performers of a waiata-a-ringa or a poi dance, are trying to convey. 1 mark

Show case beauty

gracefulness

well timed (co-ordination)

Symbolism and messages conveyed with hands

26. Answer true or false to the following; 2 marks

1. Revealing armpits is a common practice in waiata-a-ringa
2. Action songs should not be accompanied by musical instruments
3. It is not unusual for the palm of the hand to be shown to an audience
4. Interpreting your own actions in a ngeri haka is appropriate

A) False

B) False

C)True

D) false

27. What are the titi torea? Describe three actions that can be done with the

titi torea. 2 marks

Titi Torea are pairs of carved thin sticks passed simultaneously between two performers.

Bang one end on the ground

Tap one stick onto another

pass the stick to an opposite player at the same time

28. List three key teaching points you would make when using the titi torea. 3 marks

Stay in sync with the beat as it is important for timing

Extremes are dangerous and make it difficult to control the sticks

Be fluid with your movements and make it easily catch able for your partner ( use teamwork)

29. Vocabulary. In class we have used the following words in the context of te ao kori. Match the Māori word to the Pākehā word. Note there are more Pākehā words than required. 13 marks

1. Takahia - Stamp 1
2. Kia rite - ready 1
3. Wiri - quiver 1
4. Tirairaka - fantail 1
5. Harakeke - flax 1
6. Kaea - leader 1
7. Titiro - look 1
8. Ki muri - behind 1
9. Kei raro- under 1
10. Piupiu - flax skirt 1
11. Waewae - legs 1
12. Koruru - five stones 1
13. Wero- challenge 1
14. Maui - left 1
15. Korero- speak 1
16. Hongi- Greeting 1
17. Niore ?
18. Tira - oven
19. Ngahere -forest 1
20. Titi torea - sticks
21. Whai - string games 1
22. Matau - understand
23. Whakarongo- listen 1
24. Mahunga - head 1
25. Ki mua - in front 1
26. ringaringa - arms 1

feet;; stop; right: over; in the middle; look; short stick; legs; left; greeting; trees; pick up sticks; wand